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		<h1 class="header__title"><a href="/">失落的乐章</a></h1>
		<h2 class="header__subtitle">技术面前，永远都是学生。</h2>
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		<h1>shell 特性</h1>
	
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		<span class="article__date">2017-10-12</span><br />
		
		
			<span class="article__tags">
			  	<a class="article__tag-link" href="/tags/shell/">shell</a>
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		<h2 id="命令历史"><a href="#命令历史" class="headerlink" title="命令历史"></a>命令历史</h2><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;敲过的命令，Linux 是会有记录的，预设可以记录1000条历史命令。这些命令保存在用户的家目录中的 <code>.bash-history</code> 文件中。只有当用户正常退出当前的 shell 时，在当前 shell 中运行的命令才会保存至 .bash_history 文件中。</p>
<h3 id="环境变量"><a href="#环境变量" class="headerlink" title="环境变量"></a>环境变量</h3><ul>
<li><strong>HISTSIZE</strong>：命令历史记录的条数；</li>
<li><strong>HISTFILE</strong>：~/.bash_history</li>
<li><strong>HISTFILESIZE</strong>：命令历史文件记录历史的条数</li>
<li><strong>HISTTIMEFORMAT</strong>：命令的时间戳。这个环境变量需设置，这个功能只能在这个变量被设置之后，那些新执行的 bash 命令才会被打上正确的时间戳。在此之前的所有命令，都将会显示成设置 HISTTIMEFORMAT 变量的时间。</li>
</ul>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;设置 <code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="built_in">export</span> HISTTIMEFORMAT=<span class="string">'%F %T'</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;查看历史命令的时间戳</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="built_in">history</span> | more</div><div class="line">1 2008-08-05 19:02:39 service network restart</div><div class="line">2 2008-08-05 19:02:39 <span class="built_in">exit</span></div><div class="line">3 2008-08-05 19:02:39 id</div><div class="line">4 2008-08-05 19:02:39 cat /etc/redhat-release</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="history-参数"><a href="#history-参数" class="headerlink" title="history 参数"></a>history 参数</h3><ul>
<li>history [n]  n为数字，列出最近的n条命令</li>
<li>-c  将目前shell中的所有history命令消除</li>
<li>history [-raw] histfiles<ul>
<li>-a 将目前新增的命令写入histfiles, 默认写入~/.bash_history</li>
<li>-r  将histfiles内容读入到目前shell的history记忆中</li>
<li>-w 将目前history记忆的内容写入到histfiles</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="调用历史中的命令"><a href="#调用历史中的命令" class="headerlink" title="调用历史中的命令"></a>调用历史中的命令</h3><h4 id="命令："><a href="#命令：" class="headerlink" title="命令：!!"></a>命令：!!</h4><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;两个连续的 “!”，表示执行上一条命令</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># pwd</span></div><div class="line">/root</div><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># !!</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">pwd</span></div><div class="line">/root</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="命令：-n"><a href="#命令：-n" class="headerlink" title="命令：!n"></a>命令：!n</h4><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;”!n”，这里的 n 是数字，表示执行命令历史中第 n 条指令</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># history</span></div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">.......</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">1058 vim .bashrc</div><div class="line">1059 <span class="built_in">pwd</span></div><div class="line">1060 <span class="built_in">history</span></div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># !1059</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">pwd</span></div><div class="line">/root</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="命令：”-字符串”"><a href="#命令：”-字符串”" class="headerlink" title="命令：”!字符串”"></a>命令：”!字符串”</h4><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;”!字符串”（字符串大于等于1），以 p 为例，执行命令历史中最近一次 p 开头的命令</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># !p</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">pwd</span></div><div class="line">/root</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="别名-alias"><a href="#别名-alias" class="headerlink" title="别名 alias"></a>别名 alias</h2><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;别名 alias 也是 bash 所特有的功能之一。可以通过 alias 把一个常用的并且很长的指令别名成简介易记的指令。不想用了还可以用 unalias 解除别名功能。直接敲 alias 会看到目前系统预设的 alias</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># alias</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">alias</span> cp=<span class="string">'cp -i'</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">alias</span> egrep=<span class="string">'egrep --color=auto'</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">alias</span> fgrep=<span class="string">'fgrep --color=auto'</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">alias</span> grep=<span class="string">'grep --color=auto'</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">alias</span> l.=<span class="string">'ls -d .* --color=auto'</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">alias</span> ll=<span class="string">'ls -l --color=auto'</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">alias</span> ls=<span class="string">'ls --color=auto'</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">alias</span> mv=<span class="string">'mv -i'</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">alias</span> rm=<span class="string">'rm -i'</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">alias</span> <span class="built_in">which</span>=<span class="string">'alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="语法"><a href="#语法" class="headerlink" title="语法"></a>语法</h3><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="built_in">alias</span> [命令别名]=[<span class="string">'具体的命令'</span>]</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="命令格式"><a href="#命令格式" class="headerlink" title="命令格式"></a>命令格式</h3><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;给命令自定义一个名字，当前 shell 有效</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># alias denny='pwd'</span></div><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># denny</span></div><div class="line">/root</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;取消命令别名</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># unalias denny</span></div><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># denny</span></div><div class="line">-bash: denny: <span class="built_in">command</span> not found</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="通配符"><a href="#通配符" class="headerlink" title="通配符"></a>通配符</h2><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;“*” 匹配零个或多个字符</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># ls</span></div><div class="line">1 11.txt 1.txt 22.txt 2.txt 33.txt 3.txt 44.zip 55.zip</div><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># ls *.txt</span></div><div class="line">11.txt 1.txt 22.txt 2.txt 33.txt 3.txt</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;“？”匹配一个字符</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># ls</span></div><div class="line">1 11.txt 1.txt 22.txt 2.txt 33.txt 3.txt 44.zip 55.zip</div><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># ls ?.txt</span></div><div class="line">1.txt 2.txt 3.txt</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="输入输出重定向（-gt-gt-gt-lt-2-gt-2-gt-gt-）"><a href="#输入输出重定向（-gt-gt-gt-lt-2-gt-2-gt-gt-）" class="headerlink" title="输入输出重定向（&gt;,&gt;&gt;,&lt;,2&gt;,2&gt;&gt;）"></a>输入输出重定向（&gt;,&gt;&gt;,&lt;,2&gt;,2&gt;&gt;）</h2><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;输入重定向用于改变命令的输入，输出重定向用于改变命令的输出。输出重定向更为常用，经常用于将命令的结果输入到文件中，而不是屏幕上。输入重定向的命令是 &lt;，输出重定向是命令是 &gt;，另外还有追加重定向&gt;&gt;，以及错误重定向2&gt;。</p>
<h3 id="命令：-gt"><a href="#命令：-gt" class="headerlink" title="命令：&gt;"></a>命令：&gt;</h3><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;输出重定向，把文件里的内容删掉，写入新的。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># cat 1.txt</span></div><div class="line">1111</div><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># echo '222'&gt;1.txt</span></div><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># cat 1.txt</span></div><div class="line">222</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="命令：-gt-gt"><a href="#命令：-gt-gt" class="headerlink" title="命令：&gt;&gt;"></a>命令：&gt;&gt;</h3><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;追加重定向，在文件原来的基础上在下面继续写入。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># echo '333'&gt;&gt;1.txt</span></div><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># cat 1.txt</span></div><div class="line">222</div><div class="line">333</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="命令：-lt"><a href="#命令：-lt" class="headerlink" title="命令：&lt;"></a>命令：&lt;</h3><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;输入重定向，把文件的内容输入到前面</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># wc -l&lt;1.txt</span></div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="命令：2-gt-2-gt-gt"><a href="#命令：2-gt-2-gt-gt" class="headerlink" title="命令：2&gt;,2&gt;&gt;"></a>命令：2&gt;,2&gt;&gt;</h3><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;错误重定向；追加错误重定向。把错误的内容重定向或追加重定向到文件中去</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># ls 5 2&gt; 1.txt</span></div><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># cat 1.txt</span></div><div class="line">ls: 无法访问5: 没有那个文件或目录</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># ls 5 2&gt;&gt; 1.txt</span></div><div class="line">[root@localhost 111]<span class="comment"># cat 1.txt</span></div><div class="line">ls: 无法访问5: 没有那个文件或目录</div><div class="line">ls: 无法访问5: 没有那个文件或目录</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="管道符“-”"><a href="#管道符“-”" class="headerlink" title="管道符“|”"></a>管道符“|”</h2><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;管道符“|”，就是把前面的命令运行的结果丢给后面的命令去处理</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># cat 1.py|wc -l</span></div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># cat /etc/passwd|wc -l</span></div><div class="line">21</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="作业控制"><a href="#作业控制" class="headerlink" title="作业控制"></a>作业控制</h2><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;当运行一个进程时，可以使它暂停（ctrl+z），然后使用fg命令恢复它，利用bg命令使它到后台运行，也可以终止它（ctrl+c）。</p>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;使用 vim 编辑 test1.txt 。随便输入一些内容，按“ESC”后，使用“ctrl+z”使任务暂停</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># vim test1.txt</span></div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">[1]+  已停止               vim test1.txt</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;可以看到提示“vim test1.txt”已停止了，然后使用 fg 命令恢复它，此时就进入刚才的 vim 窗口了。使用“ctrl+c”直接终止 vim 任务。</p>
<h2 id="命令：jobs"><a href="#命令：jobs" class="headerlink" title="命令：jobs"></a>命令：jobs</h2><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;查看暂停的进程</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># sleep 100</span></div><div class="line">^Z</div><div class="line">[2]+  已停止               sleep 100</div><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># jobs</span></div><div class="line">[1]-  已停止               vim test1.txt</div><div class="line">[2]+  已停止               sleep 100</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="命令-fg；fg-编号"><a href="#命令-fg；fg-编号" class="headerlink" title="命令 fg；fg [编号]"></a>命令 fg；fg [编号]</h2><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;恢复暂停进程，标号后面带加号的优先恢复，减号其次，也可以恢复指定暂停中的进程</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># jobs</span></div><div class="line">[1]-  已停止               vim test1.txt</div><div class="line">[2]+  已停止               sleep 100</div><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># fg 1</span></div><div class="line">[1]+  已停止               vim test1.txt</div><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># jobs</span></div><div class="line">[1]+  已停止               vim test1.txt</div><div class="line">[2]-  已停止               sleep 100</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="命令：bg；bg-编号"><a href="#命令：bg；bg-编号" class="headerlink" title="命令：bg；bg [编号]"></a>命令：bg；bg [编号]</h2><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;后台运行暂停的进程，编号后面带加号的有限后台运行，减号其次，也可以指定后台运行暂停中的某个进程，&amp; 表示后台运行</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># jobs</span></div><div class="line">[1]+  已停止               vim test1.txt</div><div class="line">[2]-  已停止               sleep 100</div><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># bg 2</span></div><div class="line">[2]- sleep 100 &amp;</div><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># jobs</span></div><div class="line">[1]+  已停止               vim test1.txt</div><div class="line">[2]-  完成                  sleep 100</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;丢到后台的任务如何关掉？如果没有退出刚才的 shell 那么先使用 “fg 编号”把任务调到前台，然后使用“ctrl+c”结束任务</p>
<h2 id="命令：ps"><a href="#命令：ps" class="headerlink" title="命令：ps"></a>命令：ps</h2><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;使用 &amp; 把任务丢如后台运行，可以使用 <code>ps aux</code> 命令找到那个进程，结束该进程需要使用 kill 命令</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># ps aux|grep vim</span></div><div class="line">root       2307  0.0  0.2 151464  4996 pts/0    T    11:35   0:00 vim test1.txt</div><div class="line">root       2349  0.0  0.0 112664   972 pts/0    S+   12:34   0:00 grep --color=auto vim</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="命令：kill"><a href="#命令：kill" class="headerlink" title="命令：kill"></a>命令：kill</h2><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;如果关闭当前的 shell ，再次打开另一个 shell 时，使用 jobs 命令并不能显示后台运行或者被暂停的任务，要想停掉它们，则需要先知道起PID，然后使用 kill 命令杀死那个进程</p>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;使用 &amp; 把任务丢到后台运行，会显示 pid 信息。忘记这个 pid 使用 ps aux 命令查找</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># vmstat 1 &gt; /tmp/1.log &amp;</span></div><div class="line">[2] 2351</div><div class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># ps aux | grep vmstat</span></div><div class="line">root       2351  0.0  0.0 148308  1348 pts/0    S    12:38   0:00 vmstat 1</div><div class="line">root       2353  0.0  0.0 112664   972 pts/0    S+   12:38   0:00 grep --color=auto vmstat</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="kill-命令语法"><a href="#kill-命令语法" class="headerlink" title="kill 命令语法"></a>kill 命令语法</h3><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;kill 命令语法很简单，直接在后面加上 pid 即可，如果遇到杀不死的进程可以在 kill 后面加一个选项</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="built_in">kill</span> -9 [pid]</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
	

	
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